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Children, Youth and Media Around the World: An Overview of Trends & IssuesReport Compiled & Prepared by Susan Gigli, InterMedia Survey Institute for UNICEF's 4th World Summit on Media for
Children and Adolescents Several of the CRC's key articles deal with the media and children. Article 17 spells out the important role of media to disseminate information that promotes the child's well-being in the broadest sense, giving states specific tasks: States Parties recognize the important function performed
by the mass media and shall ensure that the child has access to information
and material from a diversity of national and international sources, especially
those aimed at the promotion of his or her social, spiritual and moral
well-being and physical and mental health. To this end, States Parties
shall: Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
recognizes the right of the children to express their own views in matters
affecting them. A look at the world media landscape for children and youth immediately presents two opposing themes: opportunities and risks. For example, globalization of media brings opportunities to broaden children’s outlooks and provide more equal access to information, but it also threatens cultural identification and values. Technological advances bring the promise of new skills and greater youth participation in society, but also increase the risk of child exploitation and informational divides. There is an urgent need for societies to both protect youth and empower them to shape their own media environments, as spelled out by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and increasingly by media experts and educators around the globe. This overview of trends and issues concerning young people
and the media is based on a broad review of existing print and electronic
sources, interviews with child media experts from different regions, and
analysis of InterMedia’s surveys in transitional and developing
countries. The trends and issues highlighted here—from young people’s
media options and behavior, to the quality and influence of media aimed
at them—all point to the need for more effective use of the vast
positive potential of mass media and new technologies to advocate for,
and enrich the lives of, children and young people worldwide. Children/Young People & Media in the World Today Approximately one-third of the world’s population is made up of 2 billion young people under 18. They make up half the population in the least developed nations; less than a quarter in the most industrialized ones. Their challenges range from basic survival to discrimination and exploitation. Moreover, there are myriad differences in cultures, traditions and values. Nevertheless, children and youth everywhere share some universal traits. They are fundamentally more optimistic, more open and curious than their adult counterparts. Increasingly, children are enjoying unprecedented freedoms in many countries. Unfortunately, others confront growing health and social problems, ranging from deepening poverty and ethnic strife to substance abuse and sexually transmitted diseases, political turmoil and warfare. Arguably, the proliferation and globalization of media are among the key factors that have shaped and defined the current generation of young people. In many countries, youth have access to a greater number of multi-media choices than ever before— conventional, satellite and cable TV channels; radio stations; newspapers and magazines; the internet and computer and video games. In addition, many are exposed to the same programs, the same characters and the same marketed spin-off products. Today there is greater availability of foreign
programming and media, and less official censorship and control in many
parts of the world. Information, email and images flow around the world
faster and more freely than ever. Indeed, mass media are making the world
smaller, and culture and media are increasingly inextricable, especially
for young people. InterMedia Surveys 2002-03 Children’s/Young People’s Use of the Media Television Television is the dominant medium for young people—and adults—around the world. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, the number of television channels, household television sets and hours spent watching television more than doubled. There are now approximately 250 television sets per thousand inhabitants in the world—far more than the number of telephones. Satellite television reaches all continents, offering increasing numbers of channels targeting specific market segments, including young viewers. In the late 1990s, some 50 television channels directed specifically to children were launched, several of which have had enormous international success. However, this has caused national television services in many areas to cut back their own production of children’s programs. Weekly television viewing far surpasses radio listening in nearly every region, and dwarfs newspaper and internet use. Average daily use of television among those school-age children around the world with access ranges from between 1.5 hours to more than four hours; many of these same children will rarely read a book. The prominence of television in young people’s daily lives makes it one of their major information sources about the world around them. The prevalence of television viewing among young people raises serious concerns about recent national and global trends in the television industry. The rampant consolidation of commercial media has meant the dominance of only a handful of large and powerful companies. In industrialized countries, there have been recent outcries over rising levels of aggression, obesity, substance abuse, eating disorders and unsafe sexual behavior among youth, increasingly attributed to commercial media aimed at children and youth. In developing countries, where resources limit domestic productions, a majority of programs for children and youth are imported. Unfortunately, much of the content contains characters and messages that, at best, are simply not relevant to local cultures, and at worst convey violent images and mass marketing messages. Plus, public broadcasters that have traditionally produced some of the best-quality children’s media have had to reduce their youth programming in the face of funding cuts and growing competition from private channels. Clearly the case for media pluralism, i.e., access to media that effectively communicates and supplies relevant content, applies to children and young people as well. After television viewing, listening to the radio is the next most popular activity among children and young people worldwide. Actual listening rates among the young vary greatly, however, depending on the quality of national broadcasting and the availability of private alternatives. In many countries, there has been a boom among young people in radio listening over the past decade, the result of the emergence of dozens of private radio stations. This is particularly the case in Africa and the former Soviet bloc countries. Most young people tune in to the radio primarily for music and entertainment. However, some local radio stations have been very successful in attracting and informing more socially active segments of the population, young and old alike. A good example is the ANEM network of independent radio stations in the former Yugoslavia. It has become a major source of diverse information and entertainment for youth interested in social life. In some countries, listening to the largely political fare of public international radio broadcasters— the BBC, VOA, Deutsche Welle and Radio France Internationale, among them—remains surprisingly high among young people. According to 2003 surveys, 16 percent of young people 15 to 19 listened to international radio in Albania, 12 percent in Bangladesh, 21 percent in Nigeria and 26 percent in urban Haiti. These relatively high listening rates testify to young people’s interest in political and social events, and reflect the need for high-quality information, still lacking in many countries. The Internet The internet has been gaining popularity among young people, though at a much slower pace than television and radio. In spite of significant differences among the developed and developing world, the use of computers and the internet is rising steadily, fastest among young men. That there are so many more computer-literate young people than adults indicates the younger generation’s greater interest in and aptitude for technological advances. Around the world, young users are increasingly turning to the internet as a source of information, communication, socializing and entertainment. At the same time, web access is the source of the greatest divide, both between countries (internet use in industrialized countries far outpaces use in the developing world), and within countries (internet use concentrated among wealthier and better-educated urban youth). Nevertheless, even in countries where internet and computer use is low, young people actively seek access whenever possible, most often in internet cafes. Young people are enthusiastic about the internet because, more than any other medium, it helps them establish contact with the outside world and freely seek information. Perhaps it is ‘free’ access to information that also accounts for the higher levels of trust young people (and adults as well) often place in information on the web than in information from traditional media. Nearly $8 billion was spent on TV marketing
to kids [in the U.S.] last year, a walloping $3 billion on food ads alone.
. .Most pushed high-calorie, low-nutrition brands to tykes and teens,
a demo with a big sweet tooth and little awareness of health risks. While they like seeing themselves in
the media, nearly 90 percent of children's programming broadcast in Latin
America comes from abroad. But, the openness of the web and young people’s apparent inability to distinguish clearly between content and advertising worries parents and child advocates alike. Young people use the internet primarily for communicating (email and chat rooms); downloading (computer games, software and music); and obtaining information (about education, entertainment, sports, “taboo” topics not addressed by adults, and news that may be censored for political motives). In contrast to the steady rise of other media, in many countries print media have experienced a setback from the role they once played. Several recent developments have served to further decrease the numbers of young readers of print media. In part, this is a result of the improved quantity and quality of information available from television and radio. In industrialized countries, young people are distracted by numerous media choices and technologies. In poorer countries, few youth-oriented publications exist and those that do often have limited circulation or are too expensive for most youth to afford. In the former Soviet bloc countries, youth press once played a fairly vibrant role and received significant government backing. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, however, youth press has largely disappeared and has not been replaced by a regular alternative forum for young people. Starting in the early 1990s, newspaper readership levels declined sharply throughout the region, especially in those countries experiencing the greatest economic difficulties. Many publications folded without government subsidies and could not attract sufficient advertisers or subscribers. Those that did survive had to raise their prices, making them unaffordable for many. Lastly, the distribution system was so badly weakened in many countries that it is now common for newspapers and magazines to arrive in rural areas weeks and months late, if at all. The publications in strongest demand among young people are those that appeal to their specialized interests—comic books and popular specialized magazines on computers, fashion, sports, science, business and music. Many are high quality, with slick and appealing content that cater to young people’s interests, yet are often too costly for the average young person (or adult). The Informational Divide In spite of improvements in quantity and
quality of media for children and youth around the world over the last
decade, there still exists an informational divide both between and within
countries. The divide between better-educated, wealthier youth and less-educated,
rural youth determines access to, use of and preferences for different
types of media. In villages today there is practically
no press, either for adults or for children and youth. The postal system
does not work. Press that is three months old lies on the benches of provincial
cities. The informational divide takes many different forms. In developing countries, highest overall media use most often occurs among urban, affluent young people. But in some countries, television viewing rates are just as high in rural as in urban areas because of community viewing habits and because of the lack of alternative media. In industrialized countries, in contrast, media use tends to be highest among lower socio-economic groups because television is inexpensive entertainment. While wealthier young people devote less time to television and video games, they spend more time using computers and print media. Boys tend to access media more than girls, and use audio-visual and digital media more often as well. Yet, in some cultures, the opposite is true because restrictions on girls’ activities often keep them at home. For the same reason, boys frequent outdoor places of entertainment more often, such as cinemas, internet cafes and video parlors. The vast majority of young people in the world do not have access to computers or the internet, mainly due to economic reasons. Buying a computer and securing a web connection are still big investments in many countries. In addition, poor infrastructure puts young people in smaller towns and villages at a disadvantage. Technical problems also discourage wide internet use in some countries and do not allow young people to fully appreciate all the possibilities the web offers. (Indeed, studies show sharply higher internet use when broadband access is available.) Apart from economic considerations, there are also young people who shy away from the internet because of the prevalence of English-language content, or the absence of content in their own language. Others are simply not particularly interested or do not fully understand its uses and possibilities.
As media options for most children have grown in recent decades, so too have concerns about the quality of media aimed at children. Growing numbers of parents, educators, researchers and policy-makers around the world are alarmed about the lack of quality media for children and young people and the growing availability of low-quality entertainment featuring violence, sexual content, undesirable role models and lack of diversity. There are also serious questions about the short- and long-term effects of this material. Numerous studies have been done on the effects of media—violence in media in particular—on children. Young people often speak of the power the
media has on their lives, and any parent can attest to the impressionable,
unquestioning and imitative nature of children. How much the mass media
influence children and young people is somewhat debatable, but sociologists
and researchers in different regions have observed some of the following
adverse effects: Children and youth advocates lament these negative effects because they recognize the enormous, potentially positive influences media can have on young audiences—namely broadening their world outlook and destroying stereotypes, increasing communication and access to diverse ideas, and promoting critical thinking and participation in social and political life. Fueling concerns is the decline of parental supervision over young people’s media habits. In part, many parents are simply too busy to be closely involved in what their children are consuming. Also, youth programming is sometimes not scheduled when most youth are actually watching, so they end up watching adult material. In addition, it is increasingly difficult for adults to know what young people are consuming. They can’t keep up with the changing television fare, electronic games and websites, and they also cannot track where their children are consuming media—in their rooms, at school, at friends’ houses, in internet cafes or even just hanging out. In Japan, for example, the majority of young people possess mobile phones and more than three-quarters of them access the internet via their phone.
There is no clear consensus on what comprises quality media for children/young people. Producers, children’s specialists, parents and children all have somewhat different notions, although criteria such as being credible, comprehensible and uplifting, and empowering youth to think for themselves are recognized as key ingredients. Indeed, it seems easier to agree on what quality media for young people is not: dull, boring, patronizing, overly commercial or violent, vulgar, disrespectful, biased, manipulative or corruptive. While it is important to remember children and young people are as diverse in their tastes as adults, they tend to favor entertainment-oriented content, with lively and interesting characters, informal style and language, and dynamic and engaging presentation. They are also naturally drawn to subjects that interest them—music, sports, style, culture, celebrities, science and technology, etc.—and those that convey messages about how to have fun, be successful and look good. Yet young people are not interested solely in light entertainment fare. They are also eager to learn, and drawn to information that shapes their identities, builds their sense of social belonging and makes sense of the world. They are attracted to content that entertains them, and to that which presents children and young people similar to themselves, in situations that relate to their own lives. Some young people contributing to UNICEF’s Voices of Youth website have lamented the frequent stereotypical portrayals of young people as trendsetters or high-achievers on the one hand, or victims or wrong-doers on the other. They note the general absence from the media of the ordinary young person who lives a typical life with routine ups and downs. Many young people also appreciate media content that deals credibly with topics they may find difficult to discuss with parents or adults, such as personal relationships, sexuality, AIDS, drugs, selfesteem, etc. They value factual information and advice provided by experts, as well as material prepared and presented by young people themselves. In focus groups InterMedia has conducted in different countries, youth say they believe only young journalists can really understand their problems. Similarly, young people feel adults either miss the point or present issues in ways that are too serious, pedantic or patronizing. In addition, youth in countries with widespread poverty, corruption, political turmoil and/or disease also seek realistic, relevant and meaningful content to help them understand and cope with hardships they face in their daily lives. Lack of Real Choice In reality, in spite of all the media options seemingly available to many young people, young audiences aren’t really given a fair choice. There is a dearth of quality programming for youth and children across the board. There is even less choice in the majority of countries heavily dependent on foreign imports. A great deal of exported media for children and young people are produced with formats and content that can appeal to and be understood by as many cultures as possible. Thus, the prevalence of animated programming and media violence is generally driven not so much because it is what young audiences want, but largely because of competition and global marketing. The image the media have of young people
has two extremes: 1) a perfect teenager, great at school, has a beautiful
boyfriend or girlfriend, loves his parents, has the greatest clothes…,
2) the black side of the moon: hates school, hates the world, hates everything,
has a
Young people in the industrialized world are not all as apathetic and tuned out as they are sometimes perceived to be, and are interested in content meaningful to their lives. Studies in Western Europe and the United States make a distinction between apathy and cynicism, i.e., young people’s expression of disinterest in social and political life is often superficial and “part of the condition” of being young. For many adolescents, “cynical chic” is a way of dealing with their own sense of powerlessness and what they see as “inconsistency, complacency or hypocrisy on the part of adults.” Thus, many young people will say discussion of serious issues is “boring,” but they will often have interesting and informed opinions on these issues. Need for More Realistic Portrayal One of the largest problems regarding media rights for youth is simply lack of coverage of children and young people in the news. What little coverage there is too often portrays youth in the context of sensationalist issues, e.g., child abuse, exploitation and violence, with little respect for the dignity and privacy of the children and scant opportunity for young people to speak for themselves. Young people around the world feel excluded from or disserved by the media when they are portrayed simplistically as superficial, apathetic, poverty stricken or delinquent. The 2001 UNICEF-sponsored study in Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Santiago on students’ (14- 17) perceptions of urban security issues is a good example of the media’s powerful role in setting agendas and shaping opinions and images of youth. The study showed young people in these cities felt the media do not portray youth realistically or sympathetically. Media—and television in particular— often present a negative and exaggerated picture of young people as juvenile delinquents. A majority of respondents perceived from the media that youth commit more crimes than adults, crimes of equal gravity to those of adults, and crimes at an earlier age than in previous years. This kind of inaccurate and inflammatory coverage tends to distort public and political debate in favor of repressive, rather than preventive, educational solutions to growing violence in many societies.
Dozens of examples of young people’s participation in the media attest to their interest in the world around them, especially if given the chance to meaningfully express themselves on issues affecting them. A growing number of interest groups and media organizations have become involved, creating numerous opportunities for young people to participate in media. Participation takes many forms—content development, production, professional skills training and media education—and applies to television, radio, the internet, print media, video, photography and CDs. The most visible and successful youth participation programs are usually those that incorporate the ideals of “genuine and effective” participation, i.e., an environment in which young people are involved in every step of the process from planning to evaluation. Challenges to “genuine and effective” participation include: getting adults to let go; creating an environment at home or school where participation is serious and encouraged; overcoming cultural norms that children should be seen and not heard; and generating enough funds to sustain projects. Youth participation in media generates highly
positive outcomes for the young people themselves, as synthesized by the
UNESCO Clearinghouse’s 2001 Yearbook Outlooks on Children and Media: A few examples of the growing number of successful media projects and programs for and with children and young people: ANDI—The Brazilian News Agency for Children’s Rights monitors media coverage of children and youth, and trains and works closely with journalists in their reporting on children and youth-related issues. ANDI’s efforts have led to greatly increased and improved coverage of children and youth issues in the Brazilian media and the model is now being applied in eight other Latin American countries. TROC—The Young Reporter of Albania. Dozens of young people, from 13 to 18, from all over the country receive training on this weekly TV news magazine program. Students learn all aspects of video news production and are responsible for planning and producing the weekly program with limited adult guidance. The program is very popular in Albania and in neighboring countries among young viewers who value TROC as the first socially responsive TV show that provides perspectives from all over the country. Mukto Khobor (Free News)—The widely
viewed weekly, 25-minute news and current affairs program in Bangladesh,
is produced by youth 11 to 17. It focuses on children and child rights
issues, and provides a forum for young people to express their views,
empowers young journalists with specialized skills, inspires young viewers
who see the success of their peers’ Children and Broadcasting Foundation for Africa—Created in 1995 to ensure the implementation of the Africa Charter on Children and Broadcasting, and to sensitize broadcasters and producers to the need for good-quality children’s television. CBFA targets young people 9 to 16, media professionals and broadcasters, conducting workshops, production seminars, screenings and meetings, with a focus on the needs and rights of children in Africa. Egypt’s Video and the Community Dreams
project expands the knowledge and experience of the Center for Development
and Population Activities’ “New Horizons” program and
empowers and strengthens the voices of young women and girls in Egyptian
society. Teams of women from four different Egyptian communities gain
confidence in their video production skills, and Advocacy Through Media In the last two decades, media for children and youth have become more of a global issue. Numerous players have begun to realize children’s rights through the media—whether to ensure young audiences have access to diversified and high-quality media content, create opportunities for young people’s voices to be heard, push for ethical coverage of children and youth, and strive for (self-) regulation of the media and for quality media education. A broad range of governmental and non-governmental initiatives and activities speak to the growing commitment to realize children’s rights through the media. Numerous meetings, conferences and summits have taken place on the subject. Excellent guidelines have been written on how to report on children’s issues as well as how to ensure effective youth participation in media. Many important studies have been done exploring young people’s media habits and the effects of media on youth attitudes and behavior. Broadcasters and advertisers have adopted voluntary codes to ensure inappropriate material isn’t aired during hours when young people watch or listen. Legislation has been passed requiring television and radio stations to devote a percentage of airtime to quality children’s programming. Prior to the video project I had been
quite shy and would have found it difficult; now, though, I have a lot
of confidence, and since I feel that FGM [female genital mutilation] is
a wrong practice that must be ended, I don't hesitate to talk to anyone
about it. Numerous media consumer and watchdog groups hold the media to account when they do not live up to minimum standards and their social responsibilities toward the public, including children. While these are surely encouraging signs, serious obstacles to advocating for children and youth through the media remain, among them the lack of funding and political will, cultural differences, and the need for far more training for youth and for those producing material about or for young audiences. Such efforts must continue to harness the enormous positive potential of the increasingly powerful global media to make a real difference in children’s lives around the world by informing them, listening to them and ultimately empowering them.
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Risk Factors & Priorities: Perspectives of Palestinian Young People. Ramallah, Palestine: Development Studies Programme, Birzeit University. von Feilitzen, Cecilia and Ulla Carlsson, eds. (2002). Children, Young People and Media Globalisation: Yearbook 2002. Nordicom, Göteborg University, Sweden: The UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media. von Feilitzen, Cecilia and Catharina Bucht. (2001). Outlooks on Children and Media: Children and Media Violence Yearbook 2001. Nordicom, Göteborg University, Sweden: The UNESCO International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media. 4th World Summit on
Media for Children and Adolescents. (2004). “Interview with Alberto
Dines.” Available online: www.riosummit2004. com.br. Please find the Rio Charter - including the
Youth Declaration - at the following links: A Few Useful Website Resources on Children
and Media: InterMedia Survey Institute provides
global research, evaluation and consulting in support of the international
media and development community. Based in Washington, D.C. and London, InterMedia Survey Institute • 1401 New York Avenue, NW • Washington, DC 20005 (202) 434-9310 • info@intermedia.org • www.intermedia.org The opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF.
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